In Against God and Nature, Thomas McCall explores Hamaratiology (The Doctrine of Sin), arguing that humans recognize that something has gone terribly wrong in the world. Yet, we have a desperate ache for things to be made right again.
McCall, an ordained Wesleyan minister, is currently a professor of Theology at Asbury University and was previously a professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. The book is published as part of the Foundations of Evangelical Theology series.
The book opens with a brief word study of biblical usage of terms for sin, then tracks the theology of sin from Genesis through to its expression in Revelation. To explain the origin of human sin, McCall briefly outlines several views on sin that historic Christian orthodoxy has rejected, such as the dualism of Manichaeism and Gnosticism, the idea that God is the author of sin, and the inevitability of the fall to conclude that sin only entered the world “by the abuse of their [Adam and Eve’s] God-given and God-imaging freedom.” (McCall 2019, 135)
McCall extensively scrutinizes the problematic doctrine of original sin in the next chapter. As he does throughout the book, he addresses the various theological options fairly, concluding that no major option can be excluded by scripture. Ultimately, though, McCall appears to land on the “corruption only” view as the most consistent option.
The next chapter is devoted to two different but related concepts. By building on the ideas of common and essential human attributes and the theological difficulties in using these attributes to define nature in a non-agnostic way, McCall argues that “it seems best to conclude that the language of ‘sin nature’ is misleading at best and should be avoided.” (McCall 2019, 216). Interestingly, his explanation also offers some insights into Christology and Theological Anthropology. He writes, “But the fact that Jesus Christ is fully and completely human yet without sin speaks volumes about a proper understanding of what it really means to be human. He is fully human, yet without sin. So genuine, authentic human nature does not include the properties associated with sinfulness.” (McCall 2019, 209). Secondly, in discussing the “nature” of Sin, McCall concludes, “sin is, effectively, against nature, against reason, and against God, and these three concepts are closely related in classical Christian doctrines of sin” (McCall 2019, 218).
In chapter six, McCall takes a prolonged look at what are the frightening consequences of sin, which he articulates as enslavement, depravity, guilt and shame, sin and death, and judgment and the wrath of God. Each subject is examined through the lens of historical orthodox Christian belief and current understanding.
The seventh chapter, “Where Sin Abounded,” examines the connection between sin and grace. In this encouraging chapter, the author expands upon five aspects of grace, considering providence, prevenient grace, justifying grace, regeneration, and sanctification. After so much discussion of sin, grace feels like fresh air.
Wrapping it all up in the concluding chapter, McCall gives the reader a workable definition of sin. “Sin is whatever is opposed to God’s will as that will reflects God’s holy character and as that will is expressed by God’s commands.” (McCall 2019, 379). It may not be the best definition, but it provides a clear, practical directive.
McCall’s monograph is an exhaustive treatment of hamartiology, and the sheer amount of material is sometimes virtually overwhelming. Still, it is well-researched and supported by both ancient and modern theologians. While McCall’s arguments are well articulated, he often leaves the reader to draw her own conclusions. However, when he does offer a clear conclusion, it is generally in keeping with his Wesleyan tradition. A fact that readers of a more reformed persuasion may find unsatisfactory.
While I appreciate the extensive coverage of the topic, it sometimes feels like there needs to be less information. As a result, it can be challenging to follow certain threads to acceptable conclusions. Although I read the book in its entirety, most readers may find using it as a reference more helpful. Its logical structure and table of contents lend themselves to that type of use.
In a world and even in the church where sin is quickly becoming a taboo topic, McCall’s book is a welcome resource. Every pastor and serious bible student should have it on their shelf or digital collection.